By Dana Huntley
Originally published by British Heritage magazine. Published Online: May 30, 2013
The outlined bones of King Richard III lie in the exploratory trench in a Leicester car park. The severe curvature of the spine provided the "ah ha" moment for osteologist Jo Appleby who uncovered the bones. It was the head wound on the skull that killed him.
“It was hunting for a needle in a haystack and pulling out the needle on the first reach”
One of History's Great Mysteries Solved in Leicester
Yes, a skeleton found underneath a car park in Leicester is the body of King Richard III.
"Working down the spine there were vertebrae missing," said Jo Appleby, the osteologist uncovering the bones. "Then, there they were to the side, where they'd be with severe scoliosis." That was the ah-ha moment.
"Up until then, I had convinced myself that it wasn't Richard," Appleby recalled. "Then, I knew."
"I think we're all still reeling from it, totally reeling," enthused Lin Foxhall, chair of the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology at the University of Leicester. After all, archaeologists don't normally find historic people, let alone lost kings.
This is big news; it's one of the most important archaeological discoveries in decades, solving one of the great mysteries of British history. Richard III, the last Plantagenet, was the only king since the Norman Conquest whose mortal whereabouts were unknown and who was not buried in a royal tomb.
Some 527 years after Richard's gruesome death on the battlefield, the body's discovery has been all the more exciting because of its sheer unlikelihood and the extraordinary way such a collection of evidence has so easily and clearly corroborated the identity of the fallen king. The discovery was akin to hunting for the proverbial needle in a haystack and pulling out the needle on the first reach.
It all happened late last summer, when a team from the University of Leicester dug three exploratory trenches in a local council car park within sight of Leicester Cathedral. They were digging for the remains of Greyfriars, a Franciscan friary that was demolished in 1538 with Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. It was here that the battle-scarred, abused and naked body of the dead king had been unceremoniously carried in the aftermath of the Battle of Bosworth Field. The Tudor victors wanted the carcass of the king disposed of quietly and surreptitiously, if respectfully. Appropriately, the friars buried the king in the chancel of the friary church. Over the centuries, a growing Leicester built and rebuilt over the site, and its location became lost in time.
A few years ago it came to light that the assumed location of Greyfriars in a heavily built-up part of the city center had been wrong. It had, in fact, been located in part underneath what was a council parking lot. That wasn't much of a clue, but it was a place to dig.
After the licensing, funding and planning, it didn't take long. In just three weeks, the excavation of the exploratory trenches had located Greyfriars, the church, the chancel and the rude tomb that has proved to be the grave of the lost monarch.
"We were incredibly fortunate," said Richard Buckley, lead archaeologist on the project. "A lot of the Greyfriars site runs under streets and buildings, so to find the church and what we were looking for in the car park excavation was tremendous.
"There's a map by John Steed in the early 17th century that mistakenly labeled Blackfriars as Greyfriars. When we found that Greyfriars was down by the river, we knew its precinct, but ultimately, we knew zero about the location of the friary buildings."
I visited with the trio of academics at the University of Leicester over coffee in the library a few weeks after the body's discovery in September. They were understandably excited. After all, scholars and historians generally lead fairly quiet lives. They're not accustomed to creating headline news and becoming media darlings.
"The head wounds, the arrow in the spine and the severe scoliosis all provide strong circumstantial evidence that this is Richard's body," said Lin Foxhall.
At that time, however, though news of the find had broken, the evidence was just that—circumstantial. A generation ago, the evidence would have provided a verdict that they had indeed found the missing king. But there is a great difference between evidence and proof.
Today, radiocarbon dating and DNA testing can provide the proof. So, historians, archaeologists, residents of Leicester, Richard III fans everywhere and British Heritage readers waited for the results of those scientific tests. Fortuitously, a 17th-generation descendent of Richard's Yorkist family provided what proved to be the DNA match.
* * *
At a press conference in early February (covered by media from 130 countries), Richard Buckley, Jo Appleby, university geneticist Turi King and others involved in the work announced the findings. Poor Richard it is, with 10 wounds to his body, including two mortal head wounds. There are two DNA matches and carbon dating says the bones are the right age. "It's beyond reasonable doubt," concluded Buckley.
It is unknown yet, what further examination of the remains may reveal. The significance of the find, however, is undeniable. As Foxhall explained, "What's critical about this is that we now have an additional body of evidence against which historians can go back and reread all those very polemic accounts of Richard III at the time."
The last Plantagenet king's story, of course, is well known; his villainy legendary; his partisans loyal. It would be premature to speculate how the king's body and the solution to this centuries-old mystery will impact the tide of 15th-century history.
In Leicester, however, the effect is real and exciting. After some contention, it was decided that Leicester would remain the king's last resting place. All the attention is certainly creating new interest in Leicester as a visitor destination, with real economic benefits, and the University of Leicester itself is basking in the worldwide attention.
More important, the find has energized the diverse communities of the city. "There's a real Leicester groundswell about it," Foxhall said. "The people who live in Leicester have really taken this to heart as part of their heritage and their sense of place. Everyone is buying in and owning it."
The license issued under British law to the University of Leicester for the dig provides that the university has up to two years to study the finds. The body of King Richard III will be reinterred in Leicester Cathedral in May next year. Plans for a tomb are well underway. Because the king would have been buried with full church rites, the service at the cathedral will be one of remembrance.
For those who have been involved in the project, it may also be a service of thanksgiving for the providential way events unfolded and the lost anointed king recovered. As Lin Foxhall marveled, even the heavens cooperated during the rainiest year in English history, "The one moment all summer when it wasn't raining was when they were excavating the site."
